International University Ranking by Scientific Research Output
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Was looking at https://traditional.leidenranking.com/ranking/2025/list ... it keeps scores on how many scientific research papers have been published by researchers of which universities from year to year.
American universities used to dominate this sort of rankings, Harvard was the perennial #1 for a long time. But lately the Chinese universities have taken over. Harvard has dropped to #7 on sheer number of scientific papers published, but Harvard is still #1 if you count only the papers that are most frequently cited (e.g., 10% of the most cited papers).
I have read somewhere else that the American universities have been publishing more papers, so the sheer volume of scientific research output has increased. But, still, American universities dropped in ranking because China has been investing a lot more into scientific research. The U.S. government cutting research funding is unlikely to help.